乌拉山种子植物属的地理成分分析

运用植物区系地理学基本原理,对内蒙古阴山山脉乌拉山段种子植物属的组成及地理成分进行了统计分析.结果表明:乌拉山种子植物区系包含227属,约占内蒙古全区总属数的34.8%;属的分布区类型中,以温带成分为主,占非世界分布总属数的80.9%,其中,北温带分布占到了54.2%,旧大陆温带分布占18.0%,体现出乌拉山种子植物的分布与所处自然地理位置及其气候带相适应的结果.从生活型看,草本植物占绝对优势.     

秦岭宁陕县森林植被碳储量与碳密度特征

以秦岭南坡中段宁陕县林区2003年二类森林调查资料为基础,采用政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)推荐使用的森林碳储量估算方法,从森林类型、林种、年龄和林分起源的角度,对该林区森林植被碳储量和碳密度进行估算。结果显示:(1)宁陕县森林植被碳储量为12.31Tg(1Tg=1×1012 g),平均碳密度为66.36Mg/hm2(1Mg=1×106 g),其各乡镇森林植被碳储量和碳密度在空间上的分布不平衡。(2)各森林类型中针叶林总碳储量为0.71Tg,平均碳密度为64.11 Mg/hm2,阔叶林总碳储量为11.61Tg,占宁陕县总碳储量的94.3%,碳密度为67.65Mg/hm2。(3)各林种中防护林碳储量最大(8.13Tg),占宁陕县总碳储量的66%,特种用途林碳密度最大(81.43Mg/hm2)。(4)不同林分起源中,天然林碳储量为12.231Tg,占宁陕县总碳储量的99.3%,人工林碳储量较小。(5)不同年龄森林中未成熟森林(包括幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林)碳储量为12.13Tg,占总碳储量的98.5%,近熟林碳密度最大(80.14Mg/hm2),幼龄林碳密度最小(39.85Mg/hm2)。研究表明,宁陕县森林具有较大的固碳能力和固碳潜力,其森林面积和蓄积是决定森林碳储量大小的重要因子,而森林碳密度的大小与森林类型、年龄组成和林分起源方式密切相关。     

长白山北坡森林土壤汞的含量和形态分布

分别于2009年4月和9月对长白山北坡的土壤样品进行了采集,研究北方森林地区不同海拔土壤样品中的总汞和甲基汞的分布情况.长白山土壤THg和MeHg含量分别为0.08～0.73 mg·kg-1和0.05～0.56 μg·kg-1,库存量分别为97 kg·km-2和128 g·km-2,高于吉林省背景值,MeHg的最高含量...     

甘肃兴隆山主要森林类型凋落物累积量及持水特性

2010年,采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对甘肃兴隆山6种主要森林类型(青杆林、青杆-白桦林、山杨-白桦林、灌丛林、落叶松林、油松林)林下凋落物的累积量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究.结果表明:不同森林类型凋落物层累积量在13.40～46.32 t·hm-2,为油松林＞青杆-白桦林＞落叶松林＞青杆林＞灌丛林＞山杨-白桦林,且针叶林累积量高于阔叶林;半分解层累积量所占比例均高于未分解层.凋落物最大持水率为185.5％～303.6％,落叶松林最大,油松林最小,持水率与浸水时间呈对数关系;针叶林未分解层持水率均小于半分解层,而阔叶林则相反.凋落物最大持水量在3.94～8.59 mm,为油松林＞落叶松林＞青杆-白桦林＞青杆林＞灌丛林＞山杨-白桦林;持水量与浸水时间存在对数关系;半分解层持水量均大于未分解层.凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间存在幂函数关系,在浸水前1h内,吸水速率均直线下降,而浸水1.0h后吸水速率较小,且不同时段间变化较小;半分解层吸水速率高于未分解层.凋落物有效拦蓄量(深)为青杆-白桦林(5.97 mm)＞油松林(5.59 mm)＞落叶松林(5.46 mm)＞青杆林(4.30 mm)＞灌丛林(3.03 mm)＞山杨-白桦林(2.13 mm).     

甘肃马鬃山北山羊春季卧息地的选择

2010年4～5月,在甘肃马鬃山采用样线法对北山羊Capra ibex春季卧息地的选择性进行了研究,共测定了63个卧息地样方,63个对照样方.经过分析表明,北山羊卧息地选择偏好利用阳坡、上坡位、膜果麻黄与裸岩(P<0.05),同时具有海拔高、坡度大、远离道路、远离居民点、距水源较近、接近隐蔽物、隐蔽级高等特征(P<0....     

泰山沙参属植物资源调查与营养成分分析

目的:了解泰山沙参属植物资源现状,测定其根中脂肪、蛋白质及多糖的含量,为合理开发利用泰山沙参属植物资源提供依据。方法:采用野外实地调查法进行资源考察;分别用索氏提取法、考马斯亮蓝法和苯酚-硫酸法测定脂肪、蛋白质和多糖的含量。结果:采集的100余份标本,经鉴定为沙参属植物狭叶沙参[Adenophora gmeli-nii(Spreng)Fisch.]、石沙参(Adenophora polyantha Nakai)、杏叶沙参(Adenophora stricta Mig.)及细叶沙参(Adeno-phora paniculata Nannf.)。泰山沙参属植物狭叶沙参、石沙参、杏叶沙参和细叶沙参脂肪含量分别为2.14%～7.34%,4.27%～7.72%1,.54%～2.51%和4.98%。蛋白质含量分别为0.60～2.10 mg/g0,.80～1.89 mg/g,0.83～0.89 mg/g和1.05 mg/g,多糖含量分别为20.58%～63.21%2,7.74%～65.14%,43.14%～48.47%和45.60%。结论:泰山野生沙参属植物资源丰富,品种多、分布广、蕴藏量大,多糖含量较高,具有较大的开发前景。     

Intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

A survey in 1994 examined intestinal helminths and bacterial flora of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Parasites and bacteria were identified to genus in the feces of two groups of tourist-habituated and one group of non-tourist-habituated mountain gorillas. Eggs were identified as those of an anoplocephalid cestode, and nematode eggs representative of the genera: Trichuris, Ascaris, Oesophagostomum, Strongyloides, and Trichostrongylus. This is the first report of Ascaris lumbricoides-like eggs in mountain gorillas. Fecal samples (n=76) from all groups contained helminth eggs, with strongyle eggs and anoplocephalid eggs being the most common. Salmonella and Campylobacter were found in both gorilla groups. Regular long-term non-invasive fecal monitoring of the populations of mountain gorillas is essential for the prevention and identification of potential health threats by intestinal parasites and bacteria in this highly endangered subspecies.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to the cover date of the issue.     

A phenological mid-domain effect in flowering diversity

In this paper, we test the mid-domain hypothesis as an explanation for observed patterns of flowering diversity in two sub-alpine communities of insect-pollinated plants. Observed species richness patterns showed an early-season increase in richness, a mid-season peak, and a late-season decrease. We show that a mid-domain null model can qualitatively match this pattern of flowering species richness, with R² values typically greater than 60%. We find significant or marginally significant departures from expected patterns of diversity for only 3 out of 12 year-site combinations. On the other hand, we do find a consistent pattern of departure when comparing observed versus null-model predicted flowering diversity averaged across years. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that ecological factors shape patterns of flowering phenology, but that the strength or nature of these environmental forcings may differ between years or the two habitats we studied, or may depend on species-specific characteristics of these plant communities. We conclude that mid-domain null models provide an important baseline from which to test departure of expected patterns of flowering diversity across temporal domains. Geometric constraints should be included first in the list of factors that drive seasonal patterns of flowering diversity.     

Population structuring in mountain zebras (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Equus zebra</Emphasis>): The molecular consequences of divergent demographic histories

The endangered mountain zebra (Equus zebra) is endemic to the semi-arid inhospitable mountainous escarpments of southern Africa. The species is divided taxonomically into two geographically separated subspecies, each with differing recent population histories. In Namibia, Hartmann’s mountain zebra (E. z. hartmannae) is common and occurs in large free-ranging populations, whereas in South Africa, prolonged hunting and habitat destruction over the last 300 years has decimated populations of the Cape mountain zebra (E. z. zebra). In this study, we investigate the consequences of these divergent demographic histories for population genetic diversity and structure. We also examine the phylogeographic relationship between the two taxonomic groups. Genetic information was obtained at 15 microsatellite loci for 291 individuals from a total of 10 populations as well as 445 bp of the mitochondrial control region sequence data from 77 individuals. Both model-based and standard analytical approaches were used to examine the data. Both types of marker returned levels of diversity and structure that were consistent with population history. Low genetic variation within individual Cape mountain zebra populations, the characteristic indicator of population fragmentation and drift, was offset by moderate variation in the entire E. z. zebra sample. This implies that higher levels of diversity still exist within the Cape mountain zebra gene pool. A management strategy that entailed the mixing of aboriginal populations is therefore advocated in order to halt the further loss of Cape mountain zebra genetic diversity. Allele frequencies in Hartmann’s mountain zebra were relatively resilient to demographic fluctuations. Due to the high incidence of mitochondrial haplotype sharing between populations, the hypothesis that Cape and Hartmann’s mountain zebra mitochondrial lineages were reciprocally monophyletic was not supported. However, the presence of private alleles at nuclear loci rendered the two subspecies genetically distinct evolutionary significant units.     

Factors influencing in vitro infectivity and growth of Rickettsia peacockii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), an endosymbiont of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (Acari, Ixodidae)

Rickettsia peacockii, a spotted fever group rickettsia, is a transovarially transmitted endosymbiont of Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni. This rickettsia, formerly known as the East Side Agent and restricted to female ticks, was detected in a chronically infected embryonic cell line, DAE100, from D. andersoni. We examined infectivity, ability to induce cytopathic effect (CPE) and host cell specificity of R. peacockii using cultured arthropod and mammalian cells. Aposymbiotic DAE100 cells were obtained using oxytetracycline or incubation at 37 degrees C. Uninfected DAE100 sublines grew faster than the parent line, indicating R. peacockii regulation of host cell growth. Nevertheless, DAE100 cellular defenses exerted partial control over R. peacockii growth. Rickettsiae existed free in the cytosol of DAE100 cells or within autophagolysosomes. Exocytosed rickettsiae accumulated in the medium and were occasionally contained within host membranes. R. peacockii multiplied in other cell lines from the hard ticks D. andersoni, Dermacentor albipictus, Ixodes scapularis, and Ixodes ricinus; the soft tick Carios capensis; and the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni. Lines from the tick Amblyomma americanum, the mosquito Aedes albopictus, and two mammalian cell lines were non-permissive to R. peacockii. High cell densities facilitated rickettsial spread within permissive cell cultures, and an inoculum of one infected to nine uninfected cells resulted in the greatest yield of infected tick cells. Cell-free R. peacockii also were infectious for tick cells and centrifugation onto cell layers enhanced infectivity approximately 100-fold. The ability of R. peacockii to cause mild CPE suggests that its pathogenicity is not completely muted. An analysis of R. peacockii-cell interactions in comparison to pathogenic rickettsiae will provide insights into host cell colonization mechanisms.